Melasma https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melasma
Ang Melasma ay isang kulay‑balat o maitim na patong ng pigment sa mukha. Pinaniniwalaang sanhi ito ng labis na pagkakalantad sa araw, genetic predisposition, pagbabago ng hormone, at pangangati ng balat. Bagama’t maaaring makaapekto ito sa sinuman, mas karaniwan ito sa mga kababaihan—lalo na sa mga buntis at sa mga gumagamit ng contraceptive o hormone replacement therapy.

Ang melasma ay hindi ganap na nalulunas ng laser treatment sa isang takdang panahon, dahil ito ay isang kondisyon kung saan patuloy ang paggawa ng pigment. Ang tranexamic acid ay nakakatulong upang mapabuti ang pigmentation.

○ Paggamot
Sa ilang bansa (hal. Japan, Korea), ang oral tranexamic acid ay available sa counter at epektibo. Ang melasma cream na may tranexamic acid at azelaic acid ay maaaring magbigay ng bahagyang tulong.
Maaaring gamitin ang hydroquinone para sa paggamot ng hyperpigmentation, ngunit itinigil ng FDA ang mga produktong OTC na naglalaman ng hydroquinone noong 2020.
#Tranexamic acid [TRANSINO]

#Laser toning technique (low fluence QS1064 laser)
#Triluma
Karagdagang informasiyon ― Filipino
References Efficacy and Safety of Tranexamic Acid in Melasma: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review 28374042
Tranexamic acid is a novel treatment option for melasma; however, there is no consensus on its use. This systematic review searched major databases for relevant publications to March 2016. Eleven studies with 667 participants were included. Pooled data from tranexamic acid-only observational studies with pre- and post-treatment Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) showed a decrease of 1.60 in MASI after treat?ment with tranexamic acid. The addition of tranexamic acid to routine treatment modalities resulted in a further decrease in MASI of 0.94. These results support the efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid, either alone or as an adjuvant to routine treatment modalities for melasma.
 The Low-Fluence Q-Switched Nd:YAG Laser Treatment for Melasma: A Systematic Review 35888655 
NIH
Kamakailan, naging popular ang low-fluence Q-switched Nd:YAG (LFQSNY) laser para sa paggamot ng melasma, lalo na sa Asia. Ang pagbubuod ng magkakaibang pag-aaral ay mahirap, ngunit ang LFQSNY ay tila sa pangkalahatan ay epektibo at ligtas para sa melasma kumpara sa mga tradisyunal na therapy. Gayunpaman, ang ilang mga kaso ng mottled hypopigmentation ay naiulat bilang isang side effect ng LFQSNY, posibleng dahil sa mataas na laser energy. Ang agresibong paggamit ng LFQSNY ay maaari ding humantong sa hyperpigmentation mula sa pamamaga, lalo na sa mas madidilim na kulay ng balat.
Recently, the low-fluence Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (LFQSNY) has been widely used for treating melasma, especially in Asia. It was hard to summarize the heterogenous studies, but LFQSNY appeared to be a generally effective and safe treatment for melasma considering the results of previous conventional therapies. However, mottled hypopigmentation has been occasionally reported to develop and persist as an adverse event of LFQSNY, which may be associated with the high accumulated laser energy. When used aggressively, even LFQSNY can induce hyperpigmentation via unwanted inflammation, especially in darker skin.
 Pigmentation Disorders: Diagnosis and Management 29431372
Ang mga problema sa pigmentation ay madalas na nakikita sa pangunahing pangangalaga. Kabilang sa mga karaniwang uri ng hyperpigmentation disorder ang post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, sunspots, freckles, at café au lait spots.
Pigmentation problems are often found in primary care. Common types of hyperpigmentation disorders include post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, sunspots, freckles, café au lait spots.