Melasma https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melasma
Melasma is 'n bruin of donker velverkleuring van die gesig. Melasma word vermoedelik veroorsaak deur sonblootstelling, genetiese aanleg, hormoonveranderinge en velirritasie. Alhoewel dit enigiemand kan raak, is dit veral algemeen by vroue, veral swanger vroue en diegene wat voorsorgmiddels of hormoonvervangingsterapiemedikasie gebruik.

Melasma kan nie vir 'n sekere tydperk met laserbehandeling opgelos word nie, aangesien dit 'n toestand is waarin pigment voortdurend geproduseer word. Tranexamic acid help om die pigmentasie te verminder.

○ Behandeling
In sommige lande (bv. Japan, Korea) is orale tranexamic acid oor die toonbank beskikbaar en is dit effektief. Die melasma cream met tranexamic acid en azelaic acid kan gedeeltelik nuttig wees.
Hydroquinone kan plaaslik gebruik word vir die behandeling van hiperpigmentasie, maar die FDA het die OTC‑produkte wat hydroquinone bevat vanaf 2020 gestop.
#Tranexamic acid [TRANSINO]

#Laser toning technique (low fluence QS1064 laser)
#Triluma
Meer inligting ― Afrikaans
References Efficacy and Safety of Tranexamic Acid in Melasma: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review 28374042
Tranexamic acid is a novel treatment option for melasma; however, there is no consensus on its use. This systematic review searched major databases for relevant publications to March 2016. Eleven studies with 667 participants were included. Pooled data from tranexamic acid-only observational studies with pre- and post-treatment Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) showed a decrease of 1.60 in MASI after treat?ment with tranexamic acid. The addition of tranexamic acid to routine treatment modalities resulted in a further decrease in MASI of 0.94. These results support the efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid, either alone or as an adjuvant to routine treatment modalities for melasma.
 The Low-Fluence Q-Switched Nd:YAG Laser Treatment for Melasma: A Systematic Review 35888655 
NIH
Onlangs het low-fluence Q-switched Nd:YAG (LFQSNY) laser gewild geword vir die behandeling van melasma, veral in Asië. Om uiteenlopende studies op te som was uitdagend, maar LFQSNY lyk oor die algemeen effektief en veilig vir melasma in vergelyking met tradisionele terapieë. Sommige gevalle van gevlekte hipopigmentasie is egter aangemeld as 'n newe-effek van LFQSNY, moontlik as gevolg van hoë laserenergie. Aggressiewe gebruik van LFQSNY kan ook lei tot hiperpigmentasie van inflammasie, veral in donkerder velkleure.
Recently, the low-fluence Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (LFQSNY) has been widely used for treating melasma, especially in Asia. It was hard to summarize the heterogenous studies, but LFQSNY appeared to be a generally effective and safe treatment for melasma considering the results of previous conventional therapies. However, mottled hypopigmentation has been occasionally reported to develop and persist as an adverse event of LFQSNY, which may be associated with the high accumulated laser energy. When used aggressively, even LFQSNY can induce hyperpigmentation via unwanted inflammation, especially in darker skin.
 Pigmentation Disorders: Diagnosis and Management 29431372
Pigmentasieprobleme word dikwels in die primêre sorg opgespoor. Algemene tipes hiperpigmentasieversteurings sluit post‑inflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, sunspots, freckles en café au lait spots in.
Pigmentation problems are often found in primary care. Common types of hyperpigmentation disorders include post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, sunspots, freckles, café au lait spots.